Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis are innovative fields that utilize external energy sources, such as light and electricity, to drive chemical reactions, offering significant potential for sustainable technologies. Photocatalysis involves the use of light to activate a catalyst, enabling reactions such as water splitting and pollutant degradation. Semiconductors like titanium dioxide (TiO?) are often employed as photocatalysts due to their ability to absorb light and generate electron-hole pairs, which facilitate redox reactions. Photocatalytic processes have gained attention for their potential in renewable energy applications, particularly in hydrogen production from water, where solar energy can be harnessed to drive the reaction. In contrast, electrocatalysis involves the application of an electrical current to promote redox reactions, and it plays a vital role in processes like fuel cells, batteries, and carbon dioxide reduction.
