Catalyst design is the art of choosing the proper active ingredient to create the desired chemistry in the HRSG application, the proper carrier to support the active ingredient under the unique circumstances of the HRSG application, and finally, the proper substrate to provide contact between the catalyst and the exhaust flow being treated in the HRSG application. The ability to take into account the individual active material, carrier, and substrate's distinctive properties as well as the peculiarities of the HRSG application must be used to "put it all together," though. For instance, HRSGs naturally undergo heat cycles while they are in use. Similar to how the HRSG designer must take into account the impacts of differential thermal expansion among the HRSG's components, the catalyst supplier must do the same. Catalyst materials frequently come into contact with substances that have various coefficients of thermal expansion, such as substrates and module assemblies. When designing the catalyst, the provider must take this into account.